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Water Quality InformationWritten By Actual Experts

GenX Discharge From Chemours Into the Cape Fear River, NC

Environmental Quality Division NPDES permit in North Carolina

Analies Dyjak @ Tuesday, February 13, 2018 at 11:47 pm -0500

Analies Dyjak | Policy Analyst

In last weeks blog post, we discussed what a National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit should look like. This article discusses the major problems with the 2015 Chemours-Fayetteville NPDES permit issued by the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality

History Of PFAS Discharge By Dupont/Chemours

In 2015, the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality issued a renewal NPDES permit to the Chemours Dupont manufacturing plant in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Prior to the media spotlight of GenX in the Cape Fear River in the summer of 2017, Chemours (and Dupont) had been receiving permit renewals since the plant was built in the 1970’s. This particular Chemours plant had been illegally discharging PFAS compounds for years. Similar compounds were not listed or identified in the NPDES permit, which immediately raised a red flag. Our team has taken the time to analyze each section of this 2015 NPDES permit renewal.

Problems With The 2015 Chemours Renewal Permit

Units:

First off, there are no units next to the values in the table. The 2015 NPDES permit almost completely lacked uniformity among units. The reader needs to clearly identify if allowable discharge is in mg/kg/day (parts per million), ug/kg/day (parts per billion), and so on. However, Chemours Dupont used “pounds per day” which isn’t constant with the EPA's normal standards of mg/kg/day or ppm. As we discussed in the overview of NPDES permit article, when a permitting agency fails to include units/dosage, they are allowing chemical discharge at any concentration, so long as the total mass does not exceed the stated value. In doing so, they opened up the door for the permit holder to coordinate discharge schedules with their sampling. More on this below.

Sampling:

The second issue is sampling. Chemours mainly used a grab sampling technique to test the surrounding Cape Fear water quality. Grab sampling is a daily one-time collection of water at any given location. This means that Chemours was able to determine the location and time for collecting a sample. As you can probably infer, this would allow Chemours to collect their daily grab sample as far away from the point of discharge as possible. Additionally, this sampling method allows Chemours to collect samples at a time when operation was halted or during a low-discharge period. Either of these sampling tricks could skew concentration levels and water quality being sent to the EPA.

No Plan To Reduce Discharge:

Finally, the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System was created to help reduce pollution in US waterways. Permitting agencies should include a plan on how they’re working to reduce chemical discharge in their NPDES permit.

Summary

The Chemours NPDES permit is one of many inadequate documents distributed by state governments. Although it’s easy to blame the permitting agency, it’s really the fault of the federal government for not supplying an improved uniform template. Federal and state governments should demand more stringent practices from polluters in terms of allowable limits, uniformity in terms of units, and consistent, thorough, sampling techniques.

Although this particular permit seems is inadequate, there are hundreds of active permits in the US that are much worse. In future articles, we'll be shining some light onto these permits as well.

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What You Need To Know About GenX Contamination In North Carolina
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Recap of January 25, 2017 H2GO Town Hall Meeting/Expert Panel

Analies Dyjak @ Monday, January 29, 2018 at 8:37 pm -0500

Analies Dyjak, Hydroviv Policy Analyst.

This past Thursday, January 25th, H2GO and a local news agency hosted an informative meeting to update the public on the GenX crisis that’s unfolding in Brunswick County, North Carolina. The forum consisted of 3 scientists, 2 representatives from the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ), local utility providers, and a packed audience of concerned citizens. The mission of the meeting was to communicate to residents any recent actions and discoveries in this public health debacle.

Meeting Topic: Growing Concern About Other PFASs

The public forum made it clear that the scientists and Brunswick County residents are becoming more and more concerned with other perfluroalkyl and polyfluroalkyl subscances (PFASs) that are also present in the Cape Fear River. The scientists concluded that they know even less about these contaminants, which is troubling considering how little is known about GenX.

Our Take: While the presence of other PFASs are new to the nationwide press, they are not new to the scientific community. Dr. Knappe's work has been going on for quite some time, and is highly-respected by the environmental science community (including our science team). It's likely that GenX captured more attention than many other chemicals because it has an ominous (but easy to pronounce) nickname.

Meeting Topic: Comments From State Regulatory Agencies

A representative from the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) shared the three requests made by the Governor to the Environmental Protection Agency; expedite water quality data on GenX, expedite the risk assessment so that national and state standards could be set, and review the consent order under the Toxic Substance Control Act.

Our Take On This: This feels a bit like grandstanding, becasue there are thousands of unregulated contaminants that are currently “in review” by the EPA, and the Clean Water Act only allows a MAXIMUM of 30 unregulated contaminants to be monitored in drinking water every 5 year period. The timescales for progress in these types of things are measured in decades, not months. For reference, chromium 6, whose toxicity and occurrence in US drinking water systems has been established for decades, is still not regulated. This is despite being the fact that it was made famous by the Erin Brockovich Movie (released in 2000).

What Is Hydroviv Doing To Help Remediate Perfluorinated Compounds (Including GenX) In Drinking Water?

As a company, we're not really in a position to push for long-term regulatory changes, but we have heavily invested in a rapid R&D program to develop an under sink water filtration system that is optimized for GenX removal. Unlike reverse osmosis filters, our system does not require the user to drill a hole in their drain pipe or countertop, so our water filters can be used by homeowners and renters alike.

Of course, our Water Nerds are also standing by to answer questions about GenX, PFASs, regulatory policy.... even if you have no intention of purchasing one of our filters. Open a chat line on our homepage with one of our Water Nerds or send us an email at hello@hydroviv.com.

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person taking tap water sample from kitchen faucet

Analies Dyjak @ Saturday, June 10, 2017 at 3:17 pm -0400

*Updated 1/22/20 to include PFAS map provided by the Environmental Working Group*

There has been some major news coverage about "GenX" and other pre GenX perfluoroalkyl/polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) contamination in North Carolina and throughout the entire country. The Environmental Working Group (EWG) just published a list of new PFAS-effected communities, which includes an extensive list of new cities. If you'd like to check out the map, you can find it linked here. Whenever something like this makes it into the news, the facts can quickly become obscured, so the aim of this article is to summarize a few key things to know about GenX and other PFAS in drinking water. If you're curious about water filter that remove PFAS (including GenX) from tap water, check out this Duke/NC State PFAS study.

What Is GenX?

GenX chemical structure Chemours

GenX is a trade name for a chemical (deduced structure shown above) that went into production around 2010 as an alternative to a perfluorooctanoic acid (also known as PFOA or C8) in the synthesis of PTFE (ie Teflon). PFAS is the broad category in which GenX, PFOA, and PFOS fall under. PFAS are essential for the production of common household products including non-stick pans, firefighting foam, and common outdoor fabrics (e.g. Gore-Tex).

Why Do We Care About GenX And Chemicals Like It?

It's pretty simple: 1) These chemicals are known to be toxic (and this link too) 2) They are persistent in the environment, which means that they don't break down, and can contaminate water far from the contamination source.

Is GenX or Other PFAS Regulated By EPA?

No. Which means that there are no regulatory limits, and municipalities are not required to test for it. There are a lot of chemicals that fall into this category.

Why Is This Such A Big Problem In North Carolina?

A company called Chemours (which was originally spun out of Dupont) produces GenX at a plant in Fayetteville, NC. Discharge from this plant contaminates the Cape Fear watershed.

Are There "Safe" Levels of GenX And Other PFAS In Drinking Water?

Remember, while it's uncomfortable to think about chemicals of any kind existing in drinking water at any concentration, we try and remind people that the dose makes the poison. The example that we like to use is that drinking seawater will kill you from the high salt levels, but putting a pinch of salt in your soup broth is completely fine. The same is true for any chemical. The most credible information that exists at this time on toxicity of PFAS comes from a toxicological profile done by US Center For Disease Control (CDC). In this report, CDC establishes a health advisory level of 20 parts per trillion for the cumulative sum of all PFAS in drinking water, using lifetime exposure levels.

How To Filter GenX And Other PFAS From Drinking Water

If you live in an area that has PFAS levels over the CDC's Health Advisory Levels, you have a few options to remove PFAS. Obviously, as a water filter company, we're partial to our under sink water filtration system and refrigerator and ice maker water filter that were shown to effectively remove GenX in the home of a Wilmington, NC customer under real-world conditions (Reports Can Be Viewed HERE and HERE). These tests were part of an ongoing monitoring program, and we did not pay for the testing. We were also part of a Duke University and NC State study that assessed residential water filters and their ability to remove PFAS from tap water. Hydroviv undersink filters removed PFAS better than major brands such as Brita, Pur, Whirlpool, Berkey, and ZeroWater. The results from this study can be found HERE. These reports reports show that the systems effectively filtered GenX and other PFAS under real-world conditions, for the entire 6 month filter lifetime. Other systems that use reverse osmosis have also been shown to be effective, but they are not without downsides. Our advice to consumers is to demand data collected in real-world conditions (real tap water), not testing in otherwise pure water.

Note: Hydroviv is not affiliated in any way with CFPUA or NC State. In the table below, C4, C5, C6, C7, and C8 all indicate different short and long-chain PFAS variations.

GenX Water Filter

GenX water filter for refrigerator

At Hydroviv, we custom-build water filters using a different approach than reverse osmosis, because of the real-world problems encountered by reverse osmosis users. Instead, our scientists custom-formulate our filter cartridges so they are optimized for each customer's water. There's a lot of proprietary stuff behind what we do, but in the name of transparency we wanted to give more information that we'd normally give about what we are doing to formulate filters for highly soluble compounds like GenX.

1. We formulate our submicron filter blocks with a blend of activated carbons and elevated levels of a highly porous metal oxide sorbents that other fluoroalkyl compounds have been shown to stick to in the scientific literature.

2. We tighten up the pore sizes of our filters, which slows down the flow and increases the amount of time that the water is in contact with the filtration media, so we get much better removal efficiency when compared to granular or powdered media.

Our filters can be ordered through our product pages, and our experts will automatically use your shipping address to know if you are part of the impacted region.

What Are Official Positions On The Situation?

Dupont: In summary, they are saying that even though Chemours is a Dupont spinoff company, they have no comment because it's now a separate entity.

Chemours: Deafening silence.

Municipalities in Southeast North Carolina: "We are in full compliance of Federal Regulations."

Hydroviv: No kidding. You can't be out of compliance if it's not a regulated chemical.

Want More Information About GenX and PFAS In Drinking Water?

We recommend that people take advantage of our "Help no matter what" approach to technical support. Our Water Nerds are happy to discuss our products, or point you to our competitors' products that have also been shown to work. Make sure to chat us on our website or send us an email at hello@hydroviv.com.

*Previously updated November 18, 2017 to include water filter performance data, on May 15, 2018 to include video, and June 22, 2018 to reflect a new toxicological profile that was generated by CDC..*

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Analies Dyjak @ Wednesday, October 25, 2017 at 1:32 pm -0400

Stephanie Angione, Ph.D. | Scientific Contributor

Pesticides are chemicals used to kill environmental pests including insects, weeds, fungi and rodents. This article focuses on organophosphate pesticides, which are one type of pesticide used today. If you're looking for a more general overview on pesticides, you can view it here.

History Of Organophosphate Pesticides

Organophosphate pesticides largely replaced DDT and other chlorinated hydrocarbons in the 1960s and 1970s, including the compounds malathion, parathion, and diazinon. These compounds were originally favored over DDT since they break down much more rapidly in the environment, and do not present the problem of persistent pollution like their predecessors. That said, the degradation products of organophosphate pesticides can also be toxic. The EPA has thus banned the residential use of organophosphates, but they are still widely used in agricultural applications and for mosquito abatement. Organophosphate pesticides account for approximately 30-40% of all insecticides used in the US. Despite their widespread use and toxicity, organophosphate pesticides break down in the environment rapidly, and are thus rarely found as contaminates in groundwater as the intact chemical.

Health Effects Of Organophsphate Pesticide Exposure

The health effects of organophosphate pesticides in humans differ based on acute or chronic exposure, as well as the exposure amount. Since organophosphates inhibit the action of acetylcholinesterase, acetylcholine builds up in the nerves, and overstimulation of the central nervous system results in widespread effects including headache, seizures, depression of respiration and circulation, tremors and potentially coma. Victims of acute organophosphate poisoning typically die because they can’t breathe. Effects of chronic organophosphate pesticide poisoning are similar and include confusion, memory loss, depression, disorientation, weakness, headache, nausea and vomiting. While still inconclusive, there is evidence that organophosphate exposure causes several types of cancer, including lymphoma and leukemia.

How Do I Remove Pesticides From Drinking Water?

Water filtration systems that use activated carbon as part of the filtration media blend or reverse osmosis can be effective in removing pesticides from water. Contrary to what some people tell you, boiling/freezing water does NOT remove pesticides from drinking water!

Do You Have More Questions About Organophosphate Pesticides In Drinking Water?

Hydroviv makes it our business to help you better understand your water. As always, feel free to take advantage of our “help no matter what” approach to technical support! Our water nerds will work to answer your questions and provide organophosphate pesticide info, even if you have no intention of purchasing one of our water filters. Reach out by dropping us an email (hello@hydroviv.com) or through our live chat. You can also find us on Twitter or Facebook!

Analies Dyjak @ Thursday, September 14, 2017 at 2:12 am -0400

Mike Molloy, Ph.D. | Founder: M2 Performance Nutrition

Editor's Note: Dr. Molloy (pictured above) received his Ph.D. from Dartmouth Medical School. His R&D background and status as an elite athlete puts him in a unique position to come up with scientifically-backed nutritional strategies, as well as to experiment with emerging techniques that show promise. Dr. Molloy's results speak for themselves... 10 of his elite clients competed in the most recent Reebok CrossFit Games.

Is Hydration As Simple As "Filling Up Big Bags Of Water?"

Everyone's probably heard the statement that we humans are just big bags of water, and that's fairly true with 50-60% of our total body mass being water. FYI, men are a little higher on that average and women are typically a little lower. No surprise, but water is extremely critical for pretty much all of the functions that occur in the body at a cellular and organ based level. Water in your body basically is divided into two major compartments; the intracellular fluid (inside the cell membrane) and extracellular fluid (outside of the cells), your blood fluid being a perfect example. While both ICF and ECF are still water, they're actually pretty different as it relates to electrolytes with ICF being higher in potassium and magnesium and ECF being higher in sodium and chloride.

What Are The Different Ways That We Get Water Into And Out Of Our Body?

IN: No shocker here, drinking water and water based products. However, most foods contain a solid water component as well, notably fruits, veggies and water cooked carbs like rice and oatmeal.

OUT: Breathing, evaporation from the skin, sweating, urination and feces (AKA going Number 1 and Number 2).

Should I Just Drink When I'm Thirsty?

One of the major questions that we get is whether you can trust your thirst level to judge when to drink more fluids. As is common in the nutrition world, the answer is "it depends." Most of the time, your body doesn't generate a "thirst" response until about 1.5% of water is lost. Now if you're inactive, thats not a huge deal, but from an athletic performance point of view, its huge. Add on top of that the individual response to exercise ("sweater" vs. "non sweater") and making generalized statements about this topic is extremely difficult.

What science-based recommendations can we make? The Institute for Medicine determined that an adequate intake for men is ~3 liters and ~2.2 liters for women. Of course, there's a bunch variables that could cause you to want to drink more (and sometimes less) than these amounts. Another approach is to use your urine color as an indicator of hydration. Aiming for a goal of "slightly yellow" with ~5-6 urinations through a day seems to be a helpful goal for most people. Of course, supplements that have yellow coloring such a multivitamins, B vitamins, tumeric, etc. can skew the urine color so just just aware of that when considering this approach.

As a performance based nutrition coach, I'm definitely interested in how dehydration can impact human performance. We do know that the 1-2% dehydrated state can have a fairly large impact on performance in both endurance and more strength based efforts. However, we also know that OVER-hydrating can have negative impacts on performance as well if hyponatremia (low blood sodium levels) occurs. In extreme cases, this can actually be life-threatening.

What Should I Drink During Exercise?

Athletes should be drinking about 8-10 ounces of water 20-30 minutes prior to exercise with another 5-7 ounces for every 20-30 minutes of exercise that follows, in an ideal world. For longer efforts, adding some carbohydrates to the water can improve the absorption of water into the blood circulation, along with any electrolytes that are included as well. Interestingly, several amino acids are also capable of helping to improve hydration as well, notably glutamine, alanine cysteine and glycine. All that said, most research indicates that exercise sessions lasting an hour or less are not negatively impacted by simply drinking water.

Should I Be Mixing Supplements Into My Water?

There's only a few things that I think are worth giving a try. Remember, everyone's a little different so ultimately your response to these approaches will be different as well.

Himalayan salt: There is some evidence to show that a small dose (a pinch?) of Himalayan salt can help remove some of the burden we place on the adrenal glands through our day to day stresses. I personally keep the dose small and just do it for a single glass of water in the morning.
Magnesium citrate: You might be surprised to learn that ~75% of Americans are deficient for magnesium. This is important because studies show that low magnesium levels can impact testosterone production, increase blood pressure and also reduces the efficiency of neuromuscular firing. Dosing can range from 300-500 mgs for the average person.

Is There Any Benefit To "Alkalized" Or Alkaline Water?

There's a hypothesis that an acidic diet (from both food and water) will impact blood pH and cause disease. It's important to note that blood pH is an extremely tightly regulated process and ordinary food or water products simply cannot impact this process. Now, the theory actually states that acid foods cause the body to pull calcium out of the bones in order to maintain the normal blood pH. However, what we know from a 2009 meta-analysis is that there was no association between the body's calcium levels and urine calcium levels. What they did find was that if your FOOD has higher calcium levels, so will your urine... which makes logical sense. So just to recap, higher acidic foods do not appear to pull calcium from your bones. If you want to dive deeper into this topic, I'd suggest checking out this article.

If you'd like to learn more about hydration for athletes or connect with Dr. Molloy, you can visit M2 Performance Nutrition's Website, and follow them on Instagram.

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